Women as Legislators

Women as legislators

• Token status (15% or less) titled status (15-40%)
• Balanced status (60-40)
• Conflicting reports about effectiveness of token status
• Gendered differences in approach to the Hyde Amendment

• Language
• Support
• Content of floor debates

• Symbolic representation in the firm of political empowerment
• Experiences of Congresswomen of color
• Importance of CCWI (Congressional Caucus for Women’s Issues)
• Should congresswomen be expected to champion women’s issues?

Women in Other Branches of Government

• Gendered discrepancies in rank and salary in the federal bureaucracy
• Importance of women in federal judiciary?

• Suggested influence of women justices on male colleagues
• Gendered trends in rulings on discrimination cases

• Missing information about women’s lives (National Council for Research on women)
• Slip-slipping away: the erosion of hard-won gains for women under the Bush administration and an agenda for moving forward.

Chapter 6

• Mary Wollstonecraft (thoughts of the education of daughters, vindication of the rights of women)
• Emma Willard (troy female seminary 1821)
• Wheaton College 1834
• Mary McClead Bethanne
• Bethnme Cookman College 1904
• Decline in prestige and salary when women entered teaching professional
• Title VI of the 1964 Civil rights act (discrimination in education based on race)
• Title VII of the 1964 Civil rights act (discrimination in employment based on sex)

• Educational Amendments of 1972 Title IX

• Discrimination in education based on sex

• Franklin v. Goviment County Public Schools 1992
• Davis vs. Monroe County Board of Education 1999
• Discrimination against pregnant students
• NCAA opposition
• Grove City College v. Bell 1984
• Bush Administrative College

• Women’s educational equity act (WEEA), 1974
• 1992 AAUW Report, How schools shortchange girls
• Gender Equity in Education Act 1994
• Disparity between the number of women faculty, and the number of women full professors; difference in earnings
• Impact of education on employment parity

Women and Work: Pursuit of Economic Equality (Chapter 7)

• Industrial revolution moves means of productions from homestead to factory
• Free slaves enter the work force
• Ideal of “hearth and home”
• Women enter workforce in record numbers during WWII
• Women’s double burden/ second shift
• Sexual division of labor starts at an early age
• In 2008 women performed an average of 31 hours of housework/ week, and men average of 14- disparities are even greater when women don’t work outside the home and/or when the couple has children
• Gender neutral policies (legal equality doctrine)
• Fair labor standards act of 1938
• Equal pay act of 1963
• Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act
• Equal employment opportunity commission 1978
• Pregnancy discrimination act of 1978
• Family and medical leave act of 1993
• “Protective Legislation”

• Executive orders 11246 (1965) and 11375
• (1967)/ Affirmative action

• Lilly Ledhetter v. Goodyear
• BFOQ (“Bona fide occupational qualification”)
• Women’s overrepresentation in low-prestige ranks and men’s overrepresentation in high-prestige ranks in the professionals
• Labyrinth metaphor
• Sticky floor/ glass ceiling
• Comstock laws (against law to discuss birth control)
• Roe vs. Wayde  (1973)
• Henry Hyde (proposed an amendment- attached to every piece of budget and spending from congress) (no federal money can be spent to pay for an abortion)