World Civilization

Name: Ceyhun Tekdemir

Course code: UNI221-01

Date: 25.10.2016

Question1 :  

There are many evidence or example about sacrifice practices, gender relation and security conditions in the burial sites for the period between 4000-2000BC. First of all, when some human bones were examined in Syria, it is seen that women were employed for some fatigue duties in the ancient ages. Because of the fact that, there were differences between women’s kneecap and men’s.(like deformities on the women knee.) This evidence impressoined us what kind of duties women were empleyod. Those jobs maybe included an action about kneeling that we can give an example about the gender stratification due to given duties by sex by the society and also due to the patriarchy. Furthermore, there are a unique evidence about security conditions in Longshan one of the city of China. Some skeletons were damaged, scalped and decapitated on the purpose of providing the security with their own words. Therefore, we can say that beside of ritual pressure and there are also violence inflicted by military otority in Longshan. Another evidence from The Royal Cemetery at Ur about sacrificing is very numerous men and women buried with royals which means they were sacrificed for god or maybe royals.

Question2:

When we look at the deceased in Egypt, we can find some ritual objects such as amulets and funerary jewelry on the some parts of body. The predicted and said by scientist thing is that jewelry used for mummification which belongs to previleged classes to show their exclusive due to unused them by the ordinary people lifelong. On the other hand, it is clear that amulets make a special sense for Egyptians. Because of the fact that, amulets were seen as the symbol of rebirth, so they put suffered places on the death body not to suffer again likewise in the after life too. Those objects give the information about existence of social differentiation and belief of afterlife in Egypt. Whilst turn the our perspectives to Europe, we see the graves which belongs to male warrior included his drinking cups, tools for war such as axe and weapons and also amount of gold objects vary by society’s wealth. With the help of such drinking cups namely as ‘’bell beaker’’, it has been thought that warriors get ready as more warlike for the war. If we see such objects in burial sites, we can clearly say that those are belong to a war-oriented culture. Finally, in the royal tombs of Ur, found near the body some valuable objects that included gold, silver and lapis lazuli imported from Afghanistan. For example, it was realized that one instrument that fitted the golden bull’s head in front of it. Therefore, such rich tombs belong to upper class or elites of Ur. Another example about social hierarchy in the Ur is queens buried with special object namely as Pu-Abi. İt is a magnificent headdress that all the ins and outs of the her head made by golden.