Plastic Surgery and How It Effects Self Image

Plastic Surgery and How It Effects Self Image

Michell E. Smith

A500.4.4.AB – Annotated Bibliography

Embry Riddle Aeronautical University

February 6, 2016

Abstract

Plastic surgery was primarily created for reconstructive purposes.  But as society continued to perceive it as a cosmetic approach, the direction of goals changed and was redefined into what we know plastic surgery to be today.  With having this “problem solving specialty” available to us, the percentage of women both young and old are growing exponentially with self-esteem issues and body dysmorphic disorders.  The number of women seeking help outside of over-the-counter solutions is ever increasing.  Day spas, Nonsurgical and laser facilities, and the plastic surgery centers have a growing market share that is more than doubling worldwide.

Keywords: plastic surgery; cosmetic procedures; self-esteem; reconstructive and aesthetic content

Annotated Bibliography

Plastic Surgery and How It Effects Self Image

Plastic surgery began as an answer for reconstructive surgery, gaining momentum after the world wars.  As the industry developed, the aesthetic aspect became a prime focus.  And as women of all ages continue to be told “this is how you should look”, there is a growing percentage of body dysmorphoria and other disorders evolving.

Bushak, L. (2015). 1 In 5 American Women Consider Plastic Surgery: Body Image
        Issues Aren’t Only For Young Girls. Medical Daily. Retrieved February 6, 2016
        from http://www.medicaldaily.com/1-5-american-women-consider-plastic-
        surgery-body-image-issues-arent-only-young-girls-323084

Body dysmorphic disorder (BBD) is not just confined to young girls surrounded by media and the skinny girl hype.  85 percent of women aged 55-64 say they’re unhappy with at least one area of their body.  One in five women say they had considered or planned on having plastic surgery.  If it wasn’t for debt and fear of complications, many of these women would go through with the procedures.  BBD is when a person believes their appearance is defective.  This can in turn create eating disorders or plastic surgery.  Lecia Bushak is a writer and reporter focusing on medical, science, and international news.  This article was helpful in showing that body image doesn’t only effect young women, but women of all ages.

Nip-and-tuck shops. (2014, Apr). The World Today, 70, 53. Retrieved from
        http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/1519266863?
        accountid=27203

Cosmetic surgery is estimated to be up to $35 billion a year.  Leading surgery is liposuction at 19.9 percent, followed by breast augmentation at 18.9 percent and he third most performed procedure is eyelid lift at 11 percent.  Although the US ranks as number one in cosmetic surgery, Asia holds the highest number of cosmetic surgeons.  South Korea has more than doubled its medical tourism since 2006, bringing in $116,000 million in 2011.  This material is scholarly and peer-reviewed, providing a quick observation of statistical and verifiable information from around the world