Biology Unit 2 Notes

;Biology Unit 2 Notes

Peptidoglycan- lots of peptido- positive gram stain’ little to no peptido- negative gram stain
coxiella burnetii- causes Q-fever

Toxoplasma Gondii- acquired through ingesting cysts in undercooked meat

        Can reside in cats

Influenza- spread through repertory droplets from sneezing and coughing

        Single strand of RNA

        Fat and lipid envelope

West Nile virus- spread by mosquitoes picking up a virus and transmit

        20% of infected people show

        Structure is similar to the flu but its structure is smaller

Evolution

• some people think evolution test faith
  God versus science
• The explanations are different why does one need to be better than the other
  Biology is natural science

• Systematic study of nature

• investigates the natural world it can only question nature not why

• don't believe- need actual evidence
• God is out of the realm of natural science
• Empirical evidence something we see here smell your touch

• Spiritual spiritual nature we believe things
• Evolution explains the history of living organisms does not deny God involvement science does not know how it all began
• Natural selection causes evolution
• Selective breeding examples corn and Turkey wild mustard can be bread into broccoli brussel sprouts and cabbage
• Directional selection breeds for one specific thing
• Stabilizing selection selects against  both extremes
• Disruptive selection you don't  breed in the middle favors both extremes
• Thinnest most able to survive and have reproductive success where parental traits must be inherited
• Evolution is a change in individual but a long-term genetic change in population characteristics a consequence of natural selection
• Genotype and phenotype
• Evolution genetic change in population over time

• Influence chance of survival change ability to get food reduces chance of food selects for physical attributes like shape and color behavioral instincts improves offspring survival

Evidence for evolution-- hold everything together

1. Breeding experiments
2. observation of living organism’s fossils extinct and extant
3. anatomical comparisons
4. embryology biogeography
5. molecular biology

Prokaryotes

• Flagella- for movement

• Not all bacteria have flagella

• Capsule- sticky; protects the bacteria from engulfment by other cells

• Allows it to exist in our body so it is not attacked by our red blood cells

• Pili- attachment to surfaces and to each other
• Transporters
• Channels- open in response to a signal to allow certain
• Receptor Proteins- transmit messages into the cell
• Cytoplasm is everything- help maintain shape and help with cell division

• Cytosol is just the liquid
• Cytoskeleton

• Ribosome- site of protein synthesis
• Protest- not an animal not a plant
• If you inhale spores, they will eventually go to your lungs and get lodged there—which then in certain cases it can go to the brain

Eukaryotic cells

• Eukaryotes can be multicellular or unicellular

• Reproduce sexually and asexually
• DNA is in long linear strands

• Enclosed in membrane

• Plants and fungi have cell walls
• Size 10-100μm
• Phospholipid membrane

• Interior membranes gathering and transforming cellular energy and manufacturing macromolecules
• Golgi body- sends stuff throughout the cell

• Cis face- where the vesicles enter
• Trans face- where the vesicles are secreted

• Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell

• ATP- supplies energy for many biochemical cellular
• Krebs cycle- the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
• Inner membrane
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm

• Lysosomes destroy things
• Granum contains thylakoid

Viruses

• Not cells
• Hijacks a host cell to replicate itself
• Composition

• Outer shell: repetitive protein often inserted into a lipid envelope

• Responsible for recognizing and infecting the host cell

• Protected interior that contains a genetic material (DNA or RNA) with important protein enzyme required for duplication

• Smallest organism—not living though
• 100 times smaller than bacteria

Endosymbiosis theory

• Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were once bacteria

• Two independent bacteria
• One engulfed the other
• One bacteria lived inside another
• Both benefited
• The internal

• Similarities

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotes
2. Both have circular DNA without histones with similar sequence to certain species of bacteria
3. Both divide like prokaryotes
4. Have their own protein synthesis machinery (Ribosomes) that are like bacteria
5. Inner membrane of mitochondria contains unusual phospholipid—characteristic of bacterial membranes

Alexander Flemming- first to publish bacteria killing property of penicillin

        If too little was used, then bacteria will become resistant

        Also if too much is used

Energy

        We need to eat because we need

                Energy- is what powers these activities

                Nutrients- from from food are chemical building blocks our bodies need to live, grow, and repair themselves