Microbio

Question 1 answer:

The reason why Koch’s idea was used by later generations is because that Koch was able to prove that certain bacteria was present in the blood of the infected person or animal, but the presence of the disease could have been caused by the bacteria. Bassi and Pasteur, on the other hand, were not able during the past to connect their thoughts with the pathogen linked to the specific disease. Koch proved that certain infectious diseases are caused by certain microorganisms that can be isolated and develops onto a media. The requirements Koch established are that the same pathogen must be shown in every case of the disease, the pathogen has to be separated from the host and grown in a pure culture, the pathogen in the pure culture will develop the disease when it is introduced into a healthy lab animal, eventually the pathogen will be isolated from the lab animal and all shown to the original individual. Koch’s postulate has contribution in establishing that microorganisms cause a particular disease.

Question 2 answer:

Starch, cellulose, dextran, and glycogen are all polysaccharides. From the figure 1 above, we can see that the starch is consisted of α-1,4 glycosidic linkages between glucose molecules. Dextran is consisted of α-1,6 glycosidic linkages between glucose molecules. Cellulose is consisted of β-1,4 glycosidic linkages between glucose molecules. Despite all the similarities, they all have different characteristics because they are all composed of different isomers. Starch is found in the liver and in muscle tissue, and through the process of photosynthesis plants produces starch from monosaccharaides. Cellulose is a product of plants. Glycogen is called as “animal starch”. The reason why enzyme that hydrolyzes starch can’t degrade cellulose is because these enzymes are very particular to the substrate so enzymes that hydrolyze starch cannot degrade cellulose.

Question 3 answer:

The letter will have the following content-

Dear Editor:

This is a response to the journal scientist Gram published. In his journal he stated the concern that the bacteria are not all marked. When staining bacteria I first heat the mark and cover with a basic purple dye, wait a short period for the purple dye to wash off, and then apply iodine with the stain. Having the knowledge that after the iodine is placed, certain cells become purple while others become dark violet. The slide is later decolorized to remove the purple from some cells instead of all the cells. Last but not least, safranin (basic red 2) is applied. Some bacteria were seen until decolorized; therefore I am uncertain what they are. Bacteria that still possess the purple color after this process is a gram-positive bacterium and bacteria that lose the purple color are