Oil and Gas

Oil and Gas

Primary Recovery: Produced by means of Natural pressure system

Secondary Recovery: Uses External fluids (water/gas/chemical) and injected into wells.

Wells:

• Drilling Well: Used for drilling for oil & gas production
• Production Well: Produce oil & Gas.
• Injection Well: Water, gas, steam, co2 are injected through this.

Christmas tree: Placed on the top of wellhead, have several valves.        

[pic 1]

Types of Lifts:

• Beam pump
• Electric Submersible Pump(ESP)
• Progressive Cavity Pump(PCP)
• Gas Lift

MPM (Multi-Phase Meters): Determine oil, gas and water flowing through the well.

Chemicals/Dilutes: Mixed to prevent corrosion, scale and wax in pipes and to prevent gas from hydrating.

Separation: Separate water from oil and resulting product is kept in tanks.

Upgraders: Heavy oil like Bitumen is processed further and converted into synthetic oil products.

Natural Gas: Methane + Ethane + Propane + Butane + some Heptane

Rich Gas: Natural Gas rich in propane & Butane

Sour Gas: Gas with high Sulphur content

Sweet Gas: Sulphur removed gas

Fractionation: a Complex process of extraction of propane, butane and heptane from natural gas.

LNG (Liquid Natural Gas): Processes Natural Gas is cooled down to liquid form  

Transport Service Operator (TSO): Operator of pipeline infrastructure. Will measure the exact amounts entering and exiting at each delivery point.

Shipper: Company that uses the pipeline to transport its gas. Holds a certain capacity in the pipeline.

TSA (Transport Service Agreement) or GTA (Gas Transport Agreement): Shipper must sign to use the pipeline. Shipper obtains the right to inject gas and certain points and have gas redelivered at defined exit points.

Nomination: Shipper nominates the amount of gas it intends to deliver and receive at delivery points. May be provided each hour during the day, referred at hourly nomination.[pic 2]

Gas day / Gas year: Different from calendar day/ year.

Pipeline Dispatching: Term used for handling, availability, forecasting, nomination, capacity, inventory and actuals in pipeline transmission and storage systems.

[pic 3]

Nomination Procedure:

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is used nowadays.

Curtailment Handling: Reducing nomination in correct sequence and in accordance with TSA provisions.

Cargo Transport:

• Cargo Vessel: Large ships containing petroleum products and transported by sea.
• Export Terminal: receives various products through pipelines and have storage to accumulate products received.
• Terminal Operator (TO): maintains complete account of products received and is responsible for scheduling liftings.
• Lifter: Owner of the petroleum products, arranges tankers for lifting at scheduled timings.
• Lifting Procedures: Set of documented rules. TO issues set of cargo documents.
• FOB(Free-on Board): lifters takes all responsibility once lifting is complete(mostly crude)
• DES(Destination Ex-Ship): LNG company will deliver at the destination(mostly LNG n LPG)
• Boil-off Gas: Vaporized gas during voyage, can be used as ship fuel. Must be accounted.
• Lifting accounts: after lifting, lifting account is updated with details like what is delivered, how much lifted, hats remaining.
• NOR (Notice of Readiness) & ETA: before sailing these notices are tendered.
•  Timesheet or Port Log: documents the timings of various processes of Lifting.

Service Agreement Types:

• Firm TSA: Shipper receives Guaranteed Transport Capacity. Most common.
• Interruptible TSA: Not guaranteed capacity. If some capacity is left TSO will assign this capacity, if requested, to the shipper.
• Backhaul TSA: When capacity is contracted in opposite direction of normal flow of pipeline.

Daily Contract Quantity () or Maximum Daily Quantity (MDQ): Units of Energy sold per day.

Capacity Types:

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Allocation Rules: