Centre-Periphery: Spain

Centre-periphery: Spain

State-church:

Owner-worker: class cleavage, shifting when comes to global infrastructure and tied into homeland secrutiy and the defense plan.

Intertwining of economic, military and political interests has created one beast that can be championed. Or if one is championed directly supports the other.

Previously a rich and poor cleavage, or rather the haves-versus-have-nots within a given state have grown to a more tiered clash between the wealthy, the middle-class, and the poor. The economic spectrum has been increasingly fractionalised, however, their political awareness and ability to formulate a class specific agenda is a more recent development that has brought back the importance of old cleavage points. The class struggle is no longer linear but can take the form of a multitude of political motivations. In blah blah blah country, the growth of political awareness within the middle-class creates a centralisation of previous economic extremities because near total fascism and communism are equally unappealing to middle class wage-earner. So, these economic policies have

Land-industry

the political articulation of both the transformed class structure and the new configuration of values is strongly shaped by the political legacy of traditional cleavages

new social division is shown to be closely linked to the new rsquovalue cleavagersquo although it is not able to fully account for the enormous political implications which contrasting value-orientations have today.

For some authors, such as Bartolini and Mair (1990), who have studied the long-term development of the class cleavage in particular, the freezing hypothesis, albeit in a somewhat modified version, still applies. Others, such as Franklin, Mackie, Valen and their collaborators (1992), claim that in almost all of the countries they studied an important decline in the ability of social divisions to structure individual voting choice has taken place. They suggest that there is a universal process of decline in cleavage politics, which has gone more or less far in the different Western European and Northern American countries.

Moreover, Franklin (1992: 886) maintains that the decline in the structuring capacities of traditional cleavages is nowhere balanced by increases in the structuring properties of new cleavages. The origins of this long drawn out process of decline are, according to this group of researchers, to be sought in the successful resolution of the social conflicts which had been embodied in the traditional cleavages.

In their imaginative empirical test of the extent to which cleavage politics still exists in Western European countries, Knutsen and Scarbrough (1995: 519) come to