Psy 275 - Mood and Addictive Disorders

• Mood and Addictive Disorders

• Sherrell Cooper

• Psy/275

May 23, 2016

Mary McGreevy

• Mood and Addictive Disorders

Here is the definition of the three illnesses that will be discussed in the topics. Depressive disorder is an illness that controls the mood, thoughts and body. Bipolar disorder is where a individual has periods of depression and stages of being happy even bad tempered. Substance abuse is the overuse of a drug that effects the individuals physical and mental health.

Depressive Disorder

• Cause-The exact cause in depressive disorder is unknown. However, there are factors that can increase the risk of developing the disorder. Both genes and stress can affect brain chemistry and reduce the ability to maintain moods. Changes in the balance of hormones can contribute the development of depressive disorder. Depressive disorder can be triggered by alcohol or drug abuse, different medical conditions and particular medications.
• Treatment-Depressive disorder is treated with medication and psychotherapy. Change in lifestyle can also help reduce certain symptoms. People who has serious thoughts about harming themselves is recommended to stay in the hospital during the treatment. Some may be required to participate in an outpatient treatment program until patient symptoms show signs of improvement. Doctors usually start treatment for depressive disorder with antidepressants medication. The most frequent used antidepressants is SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). This medication helps with the breakdown of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a brain chemical responsible for mood. The medicine may help improve mood and produce a healthier sleep pattern. SSRI include medicines with low side effects such as, Prozac or Celexa. Psychotherapy or talk therapy is also an effective treatment for people with depressive disorder. Psychotherapy involves meeting with a therapist on a regular to talk about the conditions and related issues. Psychotherapy can help you adjust to crisis or stressful events, replace negative beliefs/behaviors with positive ones, find ways to cope with problems, boost your self-esteem, and regain a sense of satisfaction and control back over your life(K, Micheal, 2016).
• Gender and cultural influences-The “Exploring Gender Difference in Depression”(2001) website, studies found clear gender difference in depressive disorders. Studies report that women have a higher rate that of men. Women in the Unites States are about two thirds more likely to be depressed than men. Gender differences in depression are at the greatest during the reproductive years. Men develop alternative disorders in response to stress, like antisocial behavior and alcohol abuse.
• Bipolar Disorder
• Cause-The biological insight of bipolar disorder comes from neurotransmitters, ion activity, brain structure, and genetic factors. Neurotransmitters- low serotonin activity with low epinephrine may lead to depression; low activity with high epinephrine activity may lead to mania. Ion activity-Ions help transmit messages down the neurons axon to the nerve ending. Studies suggest that bipolar individuals irregularities in the transport of these ions cause neutrons to fire easily(mania) or to resist firing (depression). Brain structure- the basal ganglia and cerebellum tend to be smaller than other people and their Malayalam, hippo campus and preferential context have structural abnormalities. Gender factors- identical twins of a person with bipolar have a 40 percent chance of developing the same disorder. Siblings and relatives have about 5 to 10 percent chance of developing the disorder than the general population.
• Treatment-According to “Bipolar Disorder Treatment” (1998-2016), there are numerous of medications to treat bipolar-disorder. The type and doses of medications prescribed depends on your symptoms. Mood stabilizers are to control manic or hypo manic episodes. Mood stabilizers includes Libido, Deplane, Depart, Catalytic and more. Antipsychotics are used if depressions and mania persist. Antipsychotics includes, Zyprexa, Risperdal, Seroquel, Abilify, Latuda, Saphris and many more. Antidepressants are to help manage depressions. Antidepressants can trigger manic episodes so It's usually prescribed along with a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic. Anti-anxiety medications Benodiazepines helps with anxiety and improves sleep. Psychotherapy is an important part of bipolar disorder treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on identifying unhealthy negative behaviors and replacing them with positive ones. You can also learn how to manage stress and cope with challenging situations. Psychoeducation is counseling to help you learn and understand bipolar-disorder. You also have other treatments such as, Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy(IPSRT), Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT), and Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS).
• Gender and cultural influences- Bipolar disorder develops equally in men and women, but there are gender differences in the way illness manifests itself. Women tend to have more depressive episodes than men. Women typically start with depressive episodes, while men get manic episodes. Migraines, obesity, anxiety and panic disorders are medical conditions often seen in bipolar women. Hormones in the reproductive stage also play a role in bipolar in women, since the symptoms worsen during the menopause stages. Low or declining estrogen levels during perimenopause put women at risk for depression episodes. Bipolar men typically begin early and more severe than women. Men tend to act out during mania. Guys are more likely to drink, fight, yell or get arrested. Men that have bipolar are more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs than women (Sheehan, J. 2016).

                                         Substance Disorder

• Cause- According to Substance abuse and addiction health center (2005-2016). Drug abuse starts with casual use. Drugs can make you feel good for that moment. They make you feel energetic, self-confident and powerful. People also use drugs to cope with stress or to forget about their problems. Substance abuse effects the brain and how it works. The continuous use of drugs make you develop strong cravings and it's difficult to say no to the drugs. Not everyone who uses drugs abuse them or become dependent of them.
• Treatment-For drug abuse usually includes group therapy, one or more types of counseling and drug education. A 12 step program is a part of treatment and continues after as a part of recovery. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps you learn to change the thoughts and actions that make you use drugs. Motivational interviewing, you resolve mixed feelings about quitting and receiving treatment. Motivational enhancement therapy uses the motivational interviewing to help you find motivation to quit. Family counseling can help stop the use of drugs and staying drug free to improve your relationship with your family.
• Gender and Cultural influences-Substance abuse problems are faced by both men and women, and it doesn't matter a persons age, ethnicity or marital status or gender. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse Use reveals the men are more likely to abuse drugs than women. Women and men have different biological and behavioral responses to drugs. Drug use by men may be related to social and behavioral issues, where women could be for psychological issues (Gender and substance abuse, 2008-2016).

Conclusion

These three disorders and addictions, Depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder and substance abuse affects millions of people a year. These disorders doesn't just affect one person, it has no prejudice on anyone regarding sex, age, or race. There are a variety of treatment medications and therapy to help people with their disorder.