Material Fallacies

1. Circular Reasoning

A use of reason in which the premises depends on or is equivalent to the conclusion, a method of false logic by which "this is used to prove that, and that is used to prove this"; also called circular logic.

Source:

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circular+reasoning

Example:

       Ang pagpirata kay sayup kay wa ni nipatoo sa balaod, nea wa ni nipatoo sa balaod kay sayup mani.

2. False Dilemma

A false dilemma, or false dichotomy, is a logical fallacy which involves presenting two opposing views, options or outcomes in such a way that they seem to be the only possibilities: that is, if one is true, the other must be false, or, more typically, if you do not accept one then the other must be accepted. The reality in most cases is that there are many in-between or other alternative options, not just two mutually exclusive ones.

Source:

http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/False_dilemma

Example:

       Abe nako ug buotan ka nga pagkataw, pero wala man lage ka sa simbahan karon.

3. Appeal to Accident

When the emotions of anger, hatred, or rage are substituted for evidence in an argument.

Source:  http://www.logicallyfallacious.com/index.php/logical-fallacies/20-appeal-to-anger

Example:

Giunsa nmu paghuna-huna nga ang mga taw karon kay unggoy sauna! Unggoy na lng jd kaau ko ug nawng para nimo?

4. False Analogy

In an analogy, two objects (or events), A and B are shown to be similar. Then it is argued that since A has property P, so also B must have property P. An analogy fails when the two objects, A and B, are different in a way, which affects whether they both have property P.

Source:

http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/falsean.html

Example:

Ang tao murag sinsilyo, naay duha ka taras. pwede maayo og bati.

5. Compound question

A double-barreled question (sometimes, double-direct question) is an informal fallacy. It is committed when someone asks a question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer. This may result in inaccuracies in the attitudes being measured for the question, as the respondent can answer only one of the two questions, and cannot indicate which one is being answered.