By Corruption

By corruption, it can make human become wealthy or gain renowned. Conserve, corruption, it may translated into human misery, it can destroys someone life and the community, ruining the countries and so does the institutions in the world. And because of that, it causes popular fury that will be menace to future stability of the societies and aggravate violent conflicts occurs. In other words, corruption is one of the major threats or issue facing by mankind nowadays.

In order to draw attention or concern from the worldwide, The Transparent International organization comes out with the Corruption Perceptions Index that’s dealings with countries in worldwide about the perceived levels of public sector in corruption. Based on the Corruption Perceptions Index 2012, the top five cleanest (low corrupt) countries are Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, Sweden and Singapore. Meanwhile, the top five dirties (high corrupt) countries Somalia, Korea (North), Afghanistan, Sudan and Myanmar.

The general definition of corruption from Serious Fraud Office (SFO) said that, the corruption can be hard or not easy to notice as it usually involves two or more peoples get into a secret conformity. The conformity can be an agreement that can be to pay a financial bribe to a public representative for secure favor. Besides, according to Aguilera and Vadera (2008), they also defined corruption as “the misdoing activities that is committed by the use of right within organizations for individual/personal interest”. However, there is several type of corruption; bribery will be one of the main tools of corruption (Word Bank Group), next will be extortion, misappropriate, self-dealing, etc (Graycar and Sidebottom, 2012).

From the Global Corruption Report (Transparent International), the problem of corruption is increasingly serious. According to Greenberger (1995), corruption is one of the important managerial concerns matter at the nationwide and global levels because realizing that corruption practices in global business are extensive and rising. Besides, from House et al., (2002), an early survey of the literature shows